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4. How Computers Work

Computers follow a structured process to perform tasks. At the core, every computer follows the same principle known as the **IPO Cycle** — Input → Process → Output — often including **Storage** as well.

📥 Input ➡ 🧠 Processing ➡ 💾 Storage ➡ 📤 Output

🔄 The Four Key Stages

1. Input

The computer receives data from input devices such as a keyboard, mouse, scanner, or microphone. These devices translate human instructions into digital signals.

2. Processing

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) takes over, interpreting and executing the instructions. It performs calculations and decision-making using binary (0s and 1s).

3. Storage

Computers store both temporary data (in RAM) and permanent data (in hard drives or SSDs). Storage is vital for saving files, instructions, and results for future use.

4. Output

The processed information is sent to output devices like monitors, speakers, or printers. This lets users see, hear, or read the final result of the task.

💡 Example in Real Life

Let’s say you type a message and click “Print”:

🔡 Input: You type using the keyboard
🧠 Processing: The CPU formats the message
💾 Storage: The file may be saved
🖨️ Output: The printer gives you a printed copy