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3. Main Components of a Computer

A computer is made up of several key components that work together to perform tasks efficiently. These components can be broadly categorized into **hardware** (physical parts) and **software** (programs that run the hardware).

🔧 Core Hardware Components

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Known as the “brain” of the computer, the CPU processes all instructions from software and hardware. It performs arithmetic, logical, and control operations. Modern CPUs contain multiple cores for multitasking.

2. Memory (RAM)

RAM (Random Access Memory) temporarily stores data and instructions that the CPU needs while performing tasks. It is fast and volatile, meaning it loses data when the computer is turned off.

3. Storage (HDD / SSD)

Storage devices like Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) and Solid State Drives (SSDs) hold data permanently. SSDs are faster and more durable than HDDs, which have moving parts.

4. Motherboard

The motherboard is the main circuit board that connects and communicates with all computer parts: CPU, memory, storage, graphics card, and peripherals.

5. Power Supply Unit (PSU)

The PSU converts electricity from an outlet into usable power for internal components. It ensures each part gets the correct voltage and protection from power surges.

6. Input Devices

Devices like keyboards, mice, scanners, and microphones are used to send data into the computer for processing.

7. Output Devices

Monitors, printers, speakers, and headphones are used to display or play the results of processed data.

8. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

The GPU handles image and video rendering. It is essential for gaming, video editing, and machine learning. Some computers use integrated graphics; others use dedicated graphics cards.

9. Cooling System

Fans, heat sinks, and liquid coolers prevent overheating, especially in high-performance systems. Keeping the CPU and GPU cool is vital for smooth performance.